England and Scotland. It outlines a new concept of the ballad formula and presents a new assessment of how formulas function in context. The author analyses more than 2.000 formula lines and stanzas, and emphasizing the distinctly dramatic, 'supra-narrative' potential of the coventional ballad language he demonstrates that singers may use formulas discriminatingly to produce their 'own' versions of the ballads. Formulas can be characterized in terms of both stability and variation, and consequently they are an important vehicle for the traditional re-creativity and gradual re-interpretation which are so vital for the life of the ballad tradition.

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