is performed and includes the meaning behind each and every ritual of the hajj based on the Arabic language and traditional sources. Ali Shari'ati (1933-1977), a leading spokesman for the Islamic movement, formulates it in his reflections on the hajj rituals. Raised with the Quran and the Traditions, he also studied in France where he was active in the Algerian Liberation Movement. He returned to Iran in 1964 where he lectured in Mashhad and Tehran for several years, drawing thousands of students into the Islamic movement before his untimely death.

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