functionality. Using sans serif typefaces, asymmetrical compositions, photography, and photomontage, they designed type based on the simplest geometrical forms and eliminated the use of upper-case letters. Similar to the basis of the International Style in architecture, these innovations were considered to be the foundations of a new society in which the idea that form follows function and the rational, economical use of material and technique would be important elements in the creation of an egalitarian social order. However, the New Typography and International Style were utopian movements whose works and ideas did not always survive intact in a real and imperfect world. Indeed both became corrupted by political ideology and/or the corporate system. During the 1930s the corruption of avant-garde ideas and techniques were most visible in the fusion of advertising and political propaganda: the Nazis and the Soviets co-opted the powerful images and techniques of the avant-garde. The Nazi propagandists borrowed ideas from the Communists, and the Soviet Realists and Nazi artists shared a similar approach to imagery. It was this contamination of art and ideology, as well as the atmosphere of brutal political repression, that led Tschichold and others to modify or abandon their ideas and return to classical design principles.

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