social conventions. In 1990, Betty A. DeBerg's groundbreaking study filled that important gap, analyzing the roots and character of fundamentalism in light of rapid changes and severe disruptions in gender-role ideology and actual social behavior in America between 1880 and 1930. Since then, Ungodly Women: Gender and the First Wave of American Fundamentalism has remained the standard source on the subject. Unlike other interpreters, DeBerg convincingly argues that these concerns were central to American fundamentalism.

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