research and technologies in areas such as biodegradable implants, drug delivery, stem cell isolation and transfection, cell encapsulation and immobilization, and the design of 2D and 3D scaffolds for cells. It captures a cascade of innovations crucial to increased healing and decreased morbidity in spinal fusion methods and mechanics and addresses current standards in analytical methodology and quality control, it describes the selection of biomaterials for improved biocompatibility, biostability, and structure/function relationships.

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