— conventional wisdom on the subject. He begins by showing how The Analects contradicts the notion that Confucius rarely addressed the issue of humanity. Next, he challenges the concepts that Mencius discussed human nature only rhetorically and Xunzi merely repeated definitions. Finally, he examines the strengths, weaknesses, differences, and similarities of Mencius’s and Xunzi’s theories of what it means to be human — and their surprising relation to Confucius’s ethical system.

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