models of usage proposed to poets were exclusively French. Under the influence of humanism and contacts with Italian culture, however, poets began to sense that their art was not circumscribed by rhyme schemes, rhetorical principles, and native French practices. The first "art of poetry" to enunciate these views was Joachim du Bellay's Defence and Illustration of the French Language (1549). Breaking radically with tradition, Du Bellay condemned French in its current state as being inadequate for composing a poetry equal to the ancients and the modern Italians. Eschewing formal concerns, he called on the French in revolutionary terms to enrich their language and hence their poetry by borrowing words, ideas, and genres from the Greeks, the Romans, and the Italians, and to invent neologisms and new syntactic structures. Du Bellay was attacked by Thomas Sébillet, author of a rival ars poetica, for plagiarizing Latin theorists, but he and Ronsard defended his position. The texts translated here initiated a debate that refocused poetic theory onto the question of language and that influenced other theorists in France, England, and Scotland.

Hide more