during the eleventh century. Topics covered include the domination of Rome by the Tusculani family during the early 1000's; the occupation of the Papal seat and central Italy by German clerics from the 1040's onwards; the "Tuscan" Popes Nicholas II and Alexander II; and, Pope Gregory VII's activities in central and southern Italy (1073-85). McQuillan offers an overview of political events, and discussions of socio-economic structures and intellectual-cultural themes.

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