universities and health care. A boatbuilding center and gateway to the West at the beginning of the 19th century, Pittsburgh later produced iron and steel used to construct bridges and buildings around the country and provided the cannons, shot, and ships that helped win wars around the world. In the process, Pittsburgh became a magnet for successive waves of immigrants--workers and entrepreneurs who shaped the culture and character of the city with their customs, churches, clubs, food, and an impressive collection of museums. Among its many attributes, Pittsburgh is the birthplace of Carnegie libraries in the United States, wire cable suspension bridges, the gas station, the Ferris wheel, commercial radio, public television, and bingo.

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