Jewish portrayals of Gentile rulers in both the Old Testament and in Second Temple literature. It explores the intertextual relationship of Luke-Acts with preceding Jewish literature, going beyond quotations and clear allusions. Luke's worldview is holistic: both Jewish and Roman authorities are under the authority of the Roman emperor, who is in turn under Satan's authority. False dichotomies such as those between Jewish and Roman, political and religious, and supernatural and earthly must be avoided. In this interpretative framework, five Roman provincial governors and three Herodian rulers are examined. Luke's portrayals of Roman and Herodian rulers reflect certain patterns found in Jewish literature concerning the relationship between God, Israel and Gentile rulers. Luke's portrayals of Roman and Jewish rulers are shown as having several important narrative functions. They not only shed light on the political background of early Christianity, but also illuminate theology, Christology, and ecclesiology in Luke-Acts.

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