fundamental principles and circuits for ultra low power electronic design and their applications in biomedical systems. It also discusses how ultra-energy-efficient cellular and neural systems in biology can inspire revolutionary low power architectures in mixed-signal and RF electronics. A wealth of insights and examples from  cochlear implants, brain implants, systems and synthetic biology, cardiac devices, bio-molecular sensing, and bio-inspired systems,  make the book useful and engaging for students and practicing engineers. The book presents a unique, unifying view of ultra low power analog and digital electronics and emphasizes the use of the ultra-energy-efficient subthreshold regime of transistor operation in both. Chapters on batteries, energy harvesting, and the future of energy provide an understanding of fundamental relationships between energy use and energy generation at small scales and at large scales, in biology and in engineering.

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