destroyed in the revolutionary turmoil of 1917. In the intervening three centuries the relatively small, land-locked kingdom of Muscovy grew into the world's largest land empire. Yet size was no protection for the dynasty, and throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a conflicting triangular relationship developed which had, at its apex, the tsarist autocratic government and, at the other two angles, the separate focuses of mass popular opinion and intellectual dissent. These three elements were in a state of almost continuous tension, mutual antagonism and misunderstanding. As the imperial system of government increased in power, its political, social and economic policies generated the seeds of opposition that eventually led to its destruction. This is the first modern account devoted to an investigation of the Romanov Empire from its inception to its demise. It combines a fascinating study of the personalities and politics of individual autocrats, such as Peter the Great, with an examination of the diverse challenges to the imperial state, the governed and misgoverned.

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