interest in the afterlife. The daughter of a Calvinist minister, Phelps could not reconcile herself to the idea of a heaven full of spirits who had cut their ties to those left behind on Earth. Rather, she became convinced of the viability of the Spiritualist view that a vital link to earthly life continues in the hereafter. Articulating an alternative to conservative church doctrine, Phelps assured her readers-many of them women bereft of their loved ones by the Civil War-that Spiritualist ideas about the afterlife were not fundamentally at odds with Scripture. Like the protagonist of The Gates Ajar, these readers wanted to believe something actual, something pleasant about the world to come, not glittering generalities about a dreadful Heaven where their loved ones were too busy singing and worshiping to have any thought of those left behind. Gates (1883), and The Gates Between (1887)-describe heaven as a perfected version of earthly life and the afterlife as a chance to make up for opportunities squandered on Earth.A grieving sister finds consolation in the Spiritualist idea of a continued connection with her beloved brother; a dying woman finds her soul mate in the afterlife; an erring husband makes amends across the line between the living and the dead. Tremendously popular in Phelps's lifetime, these novels offer a way of reconciling human beings to earthly loss and sorrow, assuring readers of an afterlife both restorative and compensatory. They also provide an intriguing look at a phenomenon that preoccupied nineteenth-century America and continues to fascinate us in the twenty-first century.

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