important doctrine according to which all humankind should be loved and treated as one's kinfolk?honoring and making use of worthy men in government, and identifying with one's superior as a means of establishing uniform moral standards. He also believed in the will of Heaven and in ghosts. He firmly opposed offensive warfare, extravagance?including indulgence in music and allied pleasures?elaborate funerals and mourning, fatalistic beliefs, and Confucianism.

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