and language, revealing an identity crisis in the idea of a purely Western Civilization. The definition of medieval culture, especially literature and architecture, from its earliest formulation in the Renaissance through to the twentieth century, has been a site of a contest over the idea of the West, and by definition, that which is non-Western. Early humanists claimed that medieval culture, including Gothic architecture and medieval romance, was largely the result of foreign, particularly Eastern, influence. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century antiquarians sought the Phoenician origins of Britain, linking ancient civilizations to the Druids. Victorian World's Fairs often included medieval installations adjoining the pavilions of their newly conquered colonies. By connecting these associations between the British Middle Ages and the Orient, Medievalism and Orientalism traces a striking pattern in which "the past is a foreign country" and uncovers a terrible anxiety about origins and purity in Western culture.

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