NSE standards, constructivism, technology, and the authors popular 4E Learning Cycle. Exploration, Explanation, Expansion, and Evaluation make up the 4 "Es" of the learning cycle model first invented by Robert Karplus as part of the Science Curriculum Improvement Study in the 1960s. Teaching Science for All Children provides methods for future teachers to foster awareness among their students of the nature of science; to implement skills in the classroom using science inquiry processes; and to develop in their students an understanding of the interactions among science, technology, and society.

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