and their applications for short-term electrical energy storage. The book describes different types of ultracapacitors and their classification based on energy storage mechanism and electrode combinations. The characteristics, reliability, cycle life, and properties of ultracapacitors, as well as their manufacturing techniques, are discussed in detail. The book examines various applications of ultracapacitors, including electronics, grid systems, automotive, public transportation, military, and other sectors. Emerging trends are also addressed in this ground-breaking resource. Ultracapacitors covers: Electrochemical capacitors Types of ultracapacitors Ultracapacitor characteristics Ultracapacitor charging Ultracapacitor materials Construction of EC capacitors Ultracapacitor cell balancing and modules Hybrid capacitors Li-ion capacitors Applications in the electronics industry Grid system applications Ultracapacitors in vehicles Bus and rail transport Ultrabattery: advanced battery power Military applications Water desalination Ultracapacitor manufacturers Pseudocapacitors Notes on using ultracapacitors Future scenarios

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