through a formal course or through self-study, the techniques of, and principles of equipment design for, the mass-transfer operations of chemical engineering." As before, these operations are largely the responsibility of the chemical engineer, but increasingly practitioners of other engineering disciplines are finding them necessary for their work. This is especially true for those engaged in pollution control and environment protection, where separation processes predominate, and in, for example, extractive metallurgy, where more sophisticated and diverse methods of separation are increasingly relied upon.

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