Islamic revival. Exploring differences between past and present Islamic revivals, the text focuses on some central aspects of Islam that have contributed to periodic and cyclical revivals throughout Islamic history. This text also provides a discussion of the four types of Islamic revivalists (Fundamentalists, Traditionalists, Modernists and Pragmatists) culminating in a typographical chart that compares and contrasts them. The Islamic Revival is also explored in light of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Iranian Revolution, the role of the OPEC and its revival in five former Soviet Republics of Central Asia (Kazakhistan, Kirgizistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Ubekistan).

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