has been adopted worldwide in explorative design research. Through physical derivation and technology extrapolation, PTM is the de-factor device model used in electronic design. This work explains the systematic model development and provides a guide to robust design practice in the presence of variability and reliability issues. Having interacted with multiple leading semiconductor companies and university research teams, the author brings a state-of-the-art perspective on technology scaling to this work and shares insights gained in the practices of device modeling. 

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